Science :: Table of Contents

These are my writings on science. The first section will be popular physics and science. Addressing all the basic concepts, ideas, and theories relating to science, that is: physics, astronomy, mathematics, biology, genetics, and chemistry. In the second selection we see the technical work required to become a true scientist and scholar.

Part I :: Popular Science

Book 1 :: First Steps Into The Universe

This book is a non-technical introduction to an exploration of the wonders of nature, reality, and the cosmos as seen through the eyes of physics, chemistry and biology. To learn more about this book, please refer to First Steps Into A New Universe :: Introduction.

1. Fundamental Concepts
   1. Atoms and Elements
   2. The Atom
      1. Subatomic Particles
      2. Elementary Particles
      3. The Electron
      4. The Proton
      5. The Neutron
   3. The Four Fundamental Forces
      1. Gravitation
      2. Electromagnetism
      3. Strong Nuclear Force
      4. Weak Nuclear Force
   4. Electric Charge
   5. What is Electric Charge? The Source of Electricity in the Atomic Structure
2. Understanding Our Place in the Cosmos
   1. The Milky Way Galaxy
   2. The Sun
   3. The Solar System
   4. Atmosphere :: The Sphere of Gas Around Planets and Stars
   5. The Earth
      1. The Atmosphere of the Earth
      2. The Biosphere
      3. The Continents
      4. The Seasons
   6. The Moon
   7. The Far Side of the Moon
   8. Moon Phases :: The Eternal Dance of Sun, Earth, and Moon Geometry*
3. The Universe
   1. Cosmology :: Unraveling The History of the Universe
   2. The Creation of the Universe
   3. The Big Bang
   4. Cosmological Expansion
   5. Stars
      1. The Life Cycle of Stars
         1. Nebula
         2. Star Formation
         3. Proto-Star
      2. Red Dwarf Star*
   6. Galaxies
      1. The Galactic Year
   7. Quasars
4. Nature :: The Science of Life & The Study of Biology
   1. Genetics
5. A History of Scientific Advancement
   1. Eratosthenes Measurement of the Radius and Circumference of the Earth*
   2. The Birth of Modern Astronomy
   3. Nicolaus Copernicus :: The Father of Modern Astronomy
   4. Michael Faraday :: A Man of Science [1791-1867]
   5. Anders Jonas Angstrom :: Swedish Physicist & Astronomer [7 Aug 1814 – 21 June 1874]
   6. Who Discovered Electricity?
6. Modern Physics
   1. Quantum Mechanics
   2. Particle Physics
7. The Unified Field
   1. The Holofractographic Universe Unified Field Theory
   2. Scalar Division of Reality
   3. A Scaling Law of Reality
   4. The Schwarzchild Proton
8. General / Interesting Pieces
9. References
   1. The Branches of Science

Book 2 :: Looking Within: The Human Being

History of Psychology

• Wilhelm Wundt :: The Father of Psychology
• William James [1842-1910] :: The Father of American Psychology

Part II :: Technical Science

Now we get into the technical writings.

Astronomy I

1. Introduction to Astronomy
   1. The Nature of Astronomy
   2. The Nature of Science
   3. The Laws of Nature
   4. The 4 Fundamental Laws of Reality
   5. Numbers In Astronomy
   6. The Speed of Light
   7. A Brief Overview of the Universe
   8. The Beginning of Time
2. Earth, Moon, and Sky
   1. Earth and Sky
   2. The Celestial Sphere
   3. The Seasons
   4. Keeping Time
   5. The Calendar
   6. Moon Phases :: The Dynamics of Earth-Sun-Moon Geometry
   7. Ocean Tides and the Moon
   8. George Darwin and the Slowing Earth
3. Ancient Astronomy
   1. The Birth of Astronomy
   2. The Difference Between Astrology and Astronomy
   3. Ancient Greek Astronomy
      1. Hipparchus
   4. Ancient Greek Worldview
   5. Babylonian Astronomy
   6. The Almagest
4. Revolutions of the Middle Age
   1. The Birth of Modern Astronomy
   2. Nicolaus Copernicus :: The Father of Modern Astronomy
   3. The Heliocentric Model
   4. Galileo Galilei
   5. Tycho Brahe
   6. Johannes Kepler
   7. <<<Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion>>>
   8. <<<Keplers First Law :: The Law of Elliptical Orbits>>>
   9. <<<Elliptical Orbits>>>
   10. <<<Ellipse>>> [Mathematics]
5. The Universe
   1. Atmosphere :: The Sphere of Gas Around Planets and Stars
6. The Solar System
   1. The Heliopause :: Where the Sun Ends and Interstellar Space Begins
   2. The Earth
      1. What Is The Orbital and Rotational Speed of Earth? (Technical :: Beginner)
   3. The Moon
      1. The Far Side of the Moon*
      2. Moon Phases :: The Cosmic Dance of Earth, Sun, and Moon Geometry*
      3. China’s Chang’e 4 Landing on the Far Side of the Moon*
      4. How Far Does the Moon Travel in 1 Day? (Technical :: Beginner)*
      5. The Source of the Ancient Moon’s Missing Magnetism*
7. Cosmology
   1. Cosmology :: The Story of Our Universe
   2. Cosmological Expansion
   3. The History of the Milky Way*
   4. The Galactic Year
8. Astronomical Objects
   1. Red Dwarf :: The Smallest & Oldest Stars In The Galaxy
   2. <<<Galaxy Cluster>>>
   3. Exoplanets
      1. The Strange Orbit of Exoplanet HD 106906 b**

Physics I

1. Introduction To Physics
   1. Introduction To Physics :: What Is The Study of Physics?
   2. The Difference Between Accuracy and Precision*
   3. The Importance of a Frame of Reference*
   4. Cartesian Coordinate System :: 1D, 2D, and 3D*
   5. SI Units :: Base Quantities and Derived Quantities*
   6. The Metric System
   7. Metric Prefixes of the SI Units System
   8. Scientific Notation
   9. Unit Conversion
      1. Unit Conversion Problems #1
   10. Significant Figures :: Increasing The Accuracy of Our Calculations**
   11. Order of Magnitude :: The Scale of a Number
       1. Order of Magnitude Problems #1
   12. Estimates & Fermi Calculations
   13. Dimensional Analysis
2. Classical Mechanics
   1. Motion In One Dimension
      1. Kinematics :: Fundamental Concepts of Describing Motion
      2. The Position of an Object
      3. Position, Distance, and Displacement
      4. Speed and Velocity :: Instantaneous and Average
      5. Acceleration
      6. Graphing Motion
      7. Free Fall :: The Pure Acceleration Due To Gravity
         1. The Free Fall Equations
         2. Free Fall Problem Set
      8. Air Resistance
   2. 2D and 3D Motion
      1. <The Displacement Vector>
      2. Uniform Circular Motion*
         1. Uniform Circular Motion Equations*
         2. Uniform Circular Motion Problems #1 :: Mainly Angular Frequency, Displacement Vectors, and Period*
         3. Angular Frequency Problems #1*
      3. Centripetal Acceleration*
         1. Centripetal Acceleration Equations*
         2. Centripetal Acceleration Problems #1*
   3. Newton’s Laws of Motion
      1. Newton’s First Law of Motion*
      2. Newton’s Third Law of Motion*
      3. Friction*
   4. Work & Kinetic Energy
      1. Work :: The Physics Concept of Work Done By A Force*
      2. The Work Equation*
      3. Kinetic Energy
   5. Unorganized
      1. Specific Gravity / Relative Density**
         1. Specific Gravity Formula**
3. Thermodynamics
   1. Heat and Temperature
   2. Temperature :: A Formal Definition
4. Particle Physics
   1. Atomic Structure
   2. Worksheets
      1. Atomic Structure Worksheet [Notes]*
5. Electromagnetism
   1. Electricity
      1. Who Discovered Electricity?
      2. Electric Charge
      3. The Triboelectric Effect :: The Mechanism of Triboelectric Charging
      4. The Pith Ball Experiments
      5. Static Electricity [Notes]*
      6. Conductors and Insulators
      7. Electric Current
      8. Resistance :: Obstructing The Flow of Electricity
      9. Coulombs Law :: Deriving The Electric Force Vector
         1. Coulombs Law Problems #1
      10. The Electric Field
      11. Electric Field Formula :: Mathematically Defining The Electric Field
      12. Michael Faraday :: A Man of Science [1791-1867]
      13. Electrical Permittivity :: The Polarizability of a Material
      14. Resistance :: Obstructing The Flow of Electricity
      15. Resistivity :: A Materials Unique Resistance to Electric Current
      16. Electricity Problem Sets
          1. Static Electricity Problem Set #1*
          2. Resistance Problem Set #1
          3. Resistivity Problems #1
   2. Magnetism
      1. Magnetic Field Strength (H) :: Computing The H-Field
6. Optics
   1. Angstrom :: Unit of Physics & Chemistry
   2. Anders Jonas Angstrom :: Swedish Physicist and Astronomer

Electronics

1. Chapter 1 :: Introduction to Electronics
   1. An Introduction to Electronics
2. Chapter 2 :: The Basics of Electricity
   1. Electric Current
   2. Resistance :: Obstructing The Flow of Electricity
   3. Resistivity :: A Materials Unique Resistance to Electric Current
   4. Chapter 2 Problems
      1. Resistance Problem Set #1
      2. Resistivity Problems #1

Biology I

• Lactate*
• Gamete :: Sex Cells of Animal Reproduction*
• Meiosis*

Mathematics

• Introduction To Mathematics
• Algebra
  • Introduction
  • Unorganized Pieces
    • Solving For the Vertex of a Parabola
    • How To find a cubic expression from 4 known points
    • how to dinf equation quadratic parabola given three points
    • Using the vertex form to find a quadratic equation from two points
• Calculus
  1. Introduction
  2. Calculus Diagnostics and Preparation For Calculus
     1. Unit 1: Functions and Models
        1. Four Ways to Represent A Function
        2. Mathematical Models
           1. The linear function
           2. Exponential function
           3. Logarithmic function
        3. Linear Functions
           1. Examples of Linear Functions
        4. Transformation of Functions
           1. Stretching and Reflecting Transformations
           2. Combinations of functions
        5. Exponential Functions
           1. Applications of Exponential Functions

Humanities

Psychology I

1. History of Psychology
   1. Wilhelm Wundt :: The Father of Psychology
   2. William James [1842-1910] :: The Father of American Psychology
   3. Functionalism :: A Philosophy of Mind
2. Disorders
   1. Narcissistic Personality Disorder*
   2. Schizoid Personality Disorder*
3. Unorganized
   1. DSM :: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*

Reference Material

• Fundamental Physics & Mathematical Equations I
• Physics & Astronomy Factsheet
  • List of Common Centripetal Accelerations
  • Triboelectric Series Table
  • The Resistivity (ρ) of Some Common Materials
• Conversion Factors Between SI Units and Common Non-SI Units
• Common Units
  • The Angstrom :: Unit of Physics & Chemistry
• Atomic Elements
  • Strontium :: Atomic Number 38